Allergies develop when the immune system responds to substances that pose little or no threat to most people; common triggers include pollen, dust mites, mold spores, and pet dander. When a person with allergies encounters one of these substances, the body releases chemicals such as histamine, which can lead to sneezing, nasal congestion, watery eyes, coughing, or skin irritation. People may manage allergy symptoms with medications and by limiting exposure to known triggers. For those whose symptoms continue despite these measures, an allergist can discuss allergen immunotherapy, commonly known as allergy shots.
What Are Allergy Shots?
Allergy shots are a form of immunotherapy, in which a health care provider injects small, measured amounts of specific allergens beneath the skin. Each injection contains an extract prepared from the substances that trigger a patient’s allergic reactions. The extract is based on individual test results, so treatment plans differ from one patient to the next.
This treatment exposes the immune system to an allergen gradually and in controlled amounts. With repeated exposure over time, the body may become less reactive to that substance. Antihistamines and decongestants work to relieve symptoms after they appear; allergy shots are designed to address the immune response that produces those symptoms. Allergists may use allergy shots for reactions to tree, grass, and weed pollen, as well as indoor allergens such as dust mites, mold, cockroaches, and pet dander.
Who Are They For?
Allergy shots can be an option for adults and children who react to substances that are difficult to avoid in daily life. An allergist may discuss this approach with patients whose symptoms last for several months each year or return with each change of season, such as when medications have not provided sufficient relief. Some patients also experience side effects from allergy medications, or they may prefer to reduce how often they take them.
Allergy shots are not appropriate for everyone, and individuals with severe, poorly controlled asthma can face a higher risk of complications. Some medications, including beta-blockers, may also affect whether this treatment is a suitable choice. A review of each patient’s health history helps the allergist determine whether immunotherapy is appropriate.
What Does the Process Involve?
Treatment typically begins with an evaluation, and it can include a discussion of symptoms and allergy testing. Allergy shots are generally given in two stages. During the build-up phase, patients receive injections one to three times per week, with the dose increasing slightly at each appointment. Once the patient reaches the target dose, the maintenance phase begins. Injections during this phase are spaced further apart, and treatment commonly continues for three to five years.
All injections are administered in a medical office. After each shot, patients typically remain on site for about 30 minutes so staff can observe them for reactions. Itching at the injection site is a common response. Serious reactions affecting the whole body are rare, and the observation period allows staff to respond promptly if one occurs.
The timeline for noticeable changes varies. Some patients observe a difference in their symptoms within the first year, and others may need more time. The allergist monitors progress throughout treatment, allowing them to adjust the dose or schedule as needed.
Confer With an Allergist
An allergist can also recommend practical steps to limit allergen exposure alongside any treatment plan. This may include running air purifiers with HEPA filters, as well as keeping windows closed on days with high pollen counts. Speaking with an allergist can help you learn about the available options; this allows you to select an approach that aligns with your specific allergies and lifestyle.
